Jan
NOTE: This is a disproven thought experiment: unable to prove guessed password succeeded and pass the information along.
Prompt
I’ve just finished reading (yes, the whole thing) an article about securing Rails applications. While it talks about security with Rails specifically in mind, it isn’t limited to just Rails applications. It is a good read for anyone who creates, maintains, or audits web applications of any flavor. You can read the Ruby on Rails Security Guide now or later if you like. I’ll explain as much as necessary to get my point across for this article.
One section in particular concerns Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks. According to the article, such attacks are carried out by placing HTML (yes, HTML) pointing to a specific action in a Rails application. The article used the example of using an image to delete critical information from a target site. The article continues to explain that one can use javascript to create a form that a user mistakenly clicks to use POST attacks instead of simple GET requests. (I have figured out a way to modify this so clicking is not required below)
This method of attack got me thinking. I had never specifically thought of doing this to attack my own sites. It makes sense though and naturally follows from the application of the semantics of the HTTP protocol. It also got me thinking of how one might use it to further exploit a site.
Is it worth it?
I believe it is. If using no more evidence that it exists as chapter 3 in this article of 8 regarding security measures, the practical result is that, unmitigated, your application’s security is based upon the security of other, well-traveled applications. The article continues to explain a simple fix as provided by Rails. The ONLY fix is the protect from forgery secret. I haven’t evaluated in depth exactly how effective it is, but I’m currently cooking up a new attack based on the CSRF vector.
What’s your Vector Victor?
Security is no joke. I believe I’ve come up with an attack using the CSRF vector that could potentially be devastating. There’s really no one to report this to as it applies to every site that is vulnerable to this type of attack. I believe it should be called the CSRF-MPDBF: The Cross-Site Request Forgery Massively Parallel Distributed Brute Force attack.
How does it work?
It uses the POST exploit as discussed in the article using javascript to commandeer the computers of any visitor to try a random password or two and report success to another site using the same CSRF exploit.
The Set-up (Huh? No really, how would that work?)
Let’s presume there are 2 sites: A and B. Site A is some website for which the attacker wants login credentials. The attacker may, or may not know the login name of a user. Having it certainly helps the attacker, but it’s not strictly necessary for this exercise. Site B is a forum with lose security policies that allows javascript code to be inserted into pages by users. Examples aren’t limited to forums, but a multitude of other “public service” sites.
Presume that Site A has a simple log-in form, with or without SSL; encryption is moot. Also presume that this site doesn’t use request forgery protection. It’s just a simple login for such as:
<form action="/security/login" method="POST" /> <p><label for="username">Username:</label><input name="username" type="text" /></p> <p><label for="password">Password:</label><input name="password" type="password" /></p> <p><input type="submit" value="Login" /> </form>
Site A will look at the username and password in the POST body and do a look up of the username, then see if the password matches. I’m not talking about SQL injection here. Presume it’s a Rails application and it’s using the sanitize_sql functions correctly. If the login is successful, the URL will change (a redirection will occur), otherwise, presume the application displays the same message (same URL) without redirecting. Most applications redirect after login. But it is possible to confirm login another way. This is just one example. The key point is that an attacker is able to reliably confirm a successful login (and conversely, an unsuccessful one).
Are we there yet?
Sorry, let’s get to some steps of the attack:
The attack code
The first step is for the attacker to create special javascript code as in the above article with one key difference: target the login script and include a username and GUESSED password.
Say what? A GUESSED password?
Yes, guessed. I told you that this was a brute force attack. Javascript includes a random number generator:
Math.random()So why not use it to generate a random password?
But that will never work!
Oh really? Why not? Every javascript engine is different. No browser and no visit to the page will likely use the same password. If you post some comment to a popular site and get a lot of people to trigger this, the target site A could be compromised in a matter of days, if not hours.
Dude, where’s my code?
FIIINE! This javascript is inserted on site B to attack site A (modified from the article: “On Rails Security”
<a href="http://www.b.com/" onmouseover="
var f = document.createElement('form');
function passwordGuess() { /* ... details here ... */ }
f.style.display = 'none';
this.parentNode.appendChild(f);
f.method = 'POST';
f.action = 'http://www.a.com/account/destroy';
var x = document.createElement('input'));
f.appendChild(x);
x.setAttribute('name','username');
x.setAttribute('value','TARGETUSER');
x = document.createElement('input'));
f.appendChild(x);
x.setAttribute('name','password');
x.setAttribute('value',passwordGuess());
f.submit();
return false;">To the harmless survey</a>Here’s how it works. I added a stub function for the password guessing routine as that is not what is at issue here. This code is to be injected into a forum post or SQL injection or whatever vector such that it appears to public users of site B. When the javascript is called, on click, it creates a form in HTML. This is a bit strange. Javascript modifies the DOM to add a form. The form is then submitted as though the user had submitted a form from site B. But server A doesn’t know the form exists on site B and processes the username and password as though the request came from site A. This, my friends, is effectively a login attempt. The user is completely unaware that anything occurred. It’s executed when the hover over the link and when they click, the link works as desired. This is different from the original article as it worked on click. The unwitting user at site B cannot detect that this attack has occurred unless he or she inspects the traffic. What normal user does that?
2010/02/01 – Editor’s Note: I’m trying to get this to work, I cannot seem to get the status of a password guess using Javascript. This might be a hair-brained idea after all.
OK, but the attacker can’t get that random password!
Not true. Use the same attack vector. Presume site B or some other site C is vulnerable to the same type of attack. To deliver the credentials back to the attacker simply modify the javascript to detect if the page was redirected. Once the credentials are verified, post the brute forced credentials to a public location. An attacker could even use the same type of attack to post those results. The attacker simply checks the destination site for updates and snarfs the credentials. Then the real fun begins and I don’t have to explain what can happen at this point.
Impact?
Well, think of it in simple terms. Every browser visiting site B’s compromised page becomes a weapon. Each person that goes to this page on site B with the code contributes to the attack. Assuming site B is very popular, but lax on code insertion filtering, site A will be attacked x times, where x is the number of users that trigger the attack on site B. If the attack runs m times (multiple attempts), then site A will be attacked x*m times. If B is a popular site, then x can easily approach millions of triggers in a period of a few weeks. Assuming a small dictionary can be loaded, a clever attacker could author the script to try word combinations, or insert symbols between, before, and after words, try numbers, etc. If the username is known in advance, it’s only a matter of time before that account on site A is compromised by visitors on site B. If multiple sites with B’s lax security exist, then the attack is: m*(x1 + x2 + …xn) where x is set sites like B to which the malicious code is posted.
It’s sort of like creating a bot network that only exists when users go to a specific page or pages.
But it’s a random password, won’t the same password be tried again and again?
Yes. There will, undoubtedly, be collisions in the the attack space. The key is that, depending on the javascript random engine, there will be significantly greater quantities of untried attacks. Even pseudo-random number generators try to be difficult to predict. In this case, this randomness works in favor of the attack by created more unique generations. A super-sophistocated attack could post failed results to a forum. These results could then be compiled to a random number black list that will skip over previously failed trials. That would significantly reduce the collisions (not eliminate) but is more sophisticated and again, if the PRNG has a decent algorithm, won’t be necessary.
Proof of concept?
Ha, no way. I would not write one in the wild.
Has anyone else thought of this?
I suppose I should have looked this up before I started writing. However, writing down an idea helps solidify the thought. I didn’t find anything with a quick Google Search but that isn’t thorough research. Most of the hits involve the tokens getting brute forced. My example assumes there are no tokens. But you can see how even brute forcing the tokens leads to slowing the progress of an attack.
Why is this so bad?
Because there’s no one IP source to block. It’s distributed and not easily detectable. Couple this with a password dictionary somewhere and you have a serious attack. Couple it further without the need to click something to trigger the attack (below) and it’s even more wide-spread.
No Clicking Required
The article gives the example of javascript code that creates a form, then replaces a link a user would normally click with the form such that it performs the CSRF attack. It is possible to create an exploit using the same vector but not require a click to activate it. Simply create a form as indicated in the article with my modifications, then write a script to periodically execute it asynchronously and without redirecting the user to the login page. This hides the attack and permits multiple guesses; as many as can be squeezed into the time the user is on the B site.
How bad is it?
I would imagine most of the big sites already mitigate this attack using forgery tokens. While no security expert, I believe that Facebook is using them based on their login form. I’ve removed some of the worthless table formatting, added line breaks, and only used the HTML form fields. For some reason, the field is listed as having the id=“lsd”. I have no idea why.
<form method="POST" action="https://login.facebook.com/login.php?login_attempt=1" id="login_form"> <input type="hidden" name="charset_test" value="€,´,€,´,水,Д,Є" /> <input type="hidden" id="locale" name="locale" value="en_US" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="hidden" id="non_com_login" name="non_com_login" autocomplete="off" /> [...] <input type="checkbox" class="inputcheckbox " id="persistent" name="persistent" value="1" /> [...] <input type="text" class="inputtext" title="Email" placeholder="Email" id="email" name="email" value="" /> <input type="password" class="inputpassword" id="pass" name="pass" value="" /> <input type="text" class="inputtext hidden_elem DOMControl_placeholder" id="pass_placeholder" name="pass_placeholder" value="" /> <input value="Login" type="submit" class="UIButton_Text" /> <input type="hidden" name="charset_test" value="€,´,€,´,水,Д,Є" /> <input type="hidden" id="lsd" name="lsd" value="KboH0" autocomplete="off" /> </form>
The 5 characters seem to change from browser to browser. It appears to be generated, then persisted using cookies (cookie name: lsd).
The real problem will be with smaller sites that are written with custom code that do not use the forgery prevention tokens. I cannot even begin to guess how many sites are affected.
“And what was the real lesson? Don’t leave things in the fridge.”
Spike may have been onto something there (quote is from Cowboy Bebop, “Toys in the Attic”). Don’t get soft on your security. As you can see, we’re all in this together. Your weakness is someone else’s exploit vector. You won’t just become a statistic, you’ll be actively, albeit unwittingly, contributing to an attack on other sites at the discretion of less scrupled persons.
Read the article! Don’t leave your applications in security cold-storage. It’s important.
Disclaimer
Again, this is an informational article to help site programmers build more secure sites. I am not responsible for people that misuse these ideas or examples.
To compensate for the acceleration changing based on distance, turn the gravitational acceleration into a function of radial distance, then convert the potential energy formula into a function of radial distance for both height and gravitational acceleration. Then, integrate over the height.
